There are over 5000 scientific papers examining the potential health benefits of soy and its 'phytonutrients' and how these work. Below are listed the key papers representing the major areas of research.

You can also do a search of the international scientific and medical literature on topics of your interest using the free Medline service provided by the National Library of Medicine:

http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/ or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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General Reviews
Barnes S, Evolution of the health benefits of soy isoflavones, PSEBM 1998;217:386-392.
Henley EC, Kuster JM, Protein quality evaluation by protein digestibility - Corrected amino acid scoring, Food Tech 1994;48:74-7.
Knight DC, Eden JA, Phytoestrogens - a short review, Maturitas 1995;22:167-175.
Knight DC, Eden JA, A Review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens, Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:897-904.
Murkies AL, Wilcox G, Davis S, Clinical review 92: Phytoestrogens, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:297-303.
Setchell KDR, Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1333S-46S.
Setchell KDR, Non-steroidal estrogens of dietary origin: Possible roles in health and disease, metabolism and physiological effects, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand 1995;20:1-21.
Setchell KDR, Cassidy A, Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health, J Nutr 1999;129:758S-767S.
Setchell KDR, Radd S, Soy and other legumes: 'Bean' around a long time but are they the 'superfoods' of the new millennium and what are the safety issues for their constituent phytoestrogens, Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 2000;9(suppl):S13-S22.
Tham DRM, Gardner CD, Haskell WL, Potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998:83:2223-2235.

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Cardiovascular Disease
Anderson JW, Diet first, then medication for Hypercholesterolemia, JAMA 2003;290(4):531-533.
Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME, Meta-Analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids, N Eng J Med 1995;333:276-282.
Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Hughes CL, Jr., et al., Soy isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys, J Nutr 1996;126:43-50.
Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Williams KJ, Effects of soy isoflavones on atherosclerosis: potential mechanisms, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1390S-3S.
Ashton EL, Dalais FS, Ball MJ, Effect of meat replacement by tofu on CHD risk factors including copper induced LDL oxidation, J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:761-7.
Balmir F, Staack R, Jeffery E, et al., An extract of soy flour influences serum cholesterol and thyroid hormones in rat and hamsters, J Nutr 1996;126:3046-3053.
Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al., Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:545-551.
Crouse JR III, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al., A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins, Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-2076.
Dwyer T, Iwane H, Dean K, et al., Difference in HDL cholesterol concentrations in Japanese, American and Australian children, Circulation 1997;96:2830-2836. Erdman JW Jr, Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the AHA, Circulation 2000;102:2555-2559.
Goodenham MJ, Adlercreutz H, Ojala ST, et al., A soy protein isolate rich in genistein and daidzein and its effects on plasma isoflavone concentrations, platelet aggregation, blood lipids a fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids in normal men, J Nutr 1996;126:2000-2006.
Greaves KA, Parks JS, Williams JK, et al., Intact dietary soy protein, but not adding an isoflavone-rich soy extract to casein, improves plasma lipids in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys, J Nutr 1999;129:1585-1592.
Greaves KA, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, et al., Consumption of soy protein reduces cholesterol absorption compared to casein protein alone or supplemented with an isoflavone extract or conjugated equine estrogen in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys, J Nutr 2000;130:820-826.
Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Puddey IB, et al., Soybean isoflavonoids and their metabolic products inhibit in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in serum, J Nutr Biochem 1996;7:664-669.
Honore EK, Williams JK, Anthony MS, et al., Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques, Fertil Steril 1997;67:148-154.
Jacques H, Laurin D, Moorjani S, et al., Influence of diets containing cow's milk or soy protein beverage on plasma lipids in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:69S-73S.
Jenkins DJ et al, Effect of soy-based breakfast cereal on blood lipids and oxidised low-density lipoprotein, Metabolism 2000;49:1496-1500.
Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Garsetti M, Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity - a controlled crossover trial, Metabolism 2000;49:537-543.
Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, et al., The effect of serum lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein of supplementing self-selected low-fat diets with soluble-fiber, soy, and vegetable protein foods, Metabolism 2000;49:67-72.
Kanazawa T, Osanai T, Zhang XS, et al., Protective effects of soy protein on the peroxidizability of lipoproteins in cerebral vascular diseases, J Nutr 1995;125:639S-646S.
Kapiotis S, Hermann M, Held I, et al., Genistein the dietary-derived angiogenesis inhibitor prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelial cells from damage by atherogenic LDL, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2868-2874.
Kurowska EM, Jordan J, Spence JD, et al., Effects of substituting dietary soybean protein and oil for milk protein and fat in subjects with hypercholesterolemia, Clin Invest Med 1997;20:162-70.
Kritchevsky D, Dietary protein and experimental atherosclerosis, Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;676:180-187.
Lo GS, Goldberg AP, Lim A, et al., Soy fiber improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in primary hyperlipidemic subjects, Atherosclerosis 1986;62:239-248. Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Canavesi A, et al., Soybean protein diet increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic patients, J Clin Invest 1987;80:1498-1502.
Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Corsini A, et al., Low density lipoprotein receptor activity is modulated by soybean globulins in cell culture, J Nutr 1992;122:1971-1978. Merz-Demlow BE, Duncan AD, Wangen KE, et al., Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic premenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1462-9.
Mitchell JH, Collins AR, Effects of a soy milk supplement on plasma cholesterol levels and oxidative DNA damage in men - a pilot study, Eur J Nutr 1999;38:143-148.
Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, et al., Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3392-3398.
Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kurisu Y, et al., Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women, J Nutr 1998;128:209-213.
Potter SM, Bakhit RM, Essex-Sorlie DL, et al., Depression of plasma cholesterol in men by consumption of baked products containing soy protein, Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:501-506.
Potter SM, Jimenez-Flores R, Pollack J, et al., Protein-saponin interaction and its influence on blood lipids, J Agric Food Chem 1993;41:1287-1291. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, et al., Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl)1375S-9S.
Potter SM, Overview of Proposed Mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemia effects of soy, J Nutr 1995;125:606S-611S.
Potter SM, Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: the impact of bioactive components in soy, Nutr Rev 1998;56:231-235.
Raines EW, Ross R, Biology of atherosclerotic plaque formation: possible role of growth factors in lesion development and the potential impact of soy, J Nutr 1995;125(suppl):624S-630S.
Rosnell MS, Appleby PN, Spencer EA et al, Soy intake and blood cholesterol concentrations: a cross-sectional study of 1033 pre- and postmenopausal women in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(5):1391-1396.
Roy DM, Schneeman BO, Effect of soy protein, casein and trypsin inhibitor on cholesterol, bile acids and pancreatic enzymes in mice, J Nutr 1981;111:878-885. Sanchez A, Hubbard RW, Plasma amino acids and the insulin/glucagon ratio as an explanation for the dietary protein modulation of atherosclerosis, Med Hypotheses 1991;35:324-329.
Setchell KDR, Naturally occurring non-steroidal estrogens of dietary origin, In: Estrogens in the Environment: influence on development (McLachlan, J., ed.). 1985, pp.69-85. Elsevier, New York.
Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, et al., Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women, Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1297-301.
Sirtori CR, Lovati MR, Manzoni C, et al., Soy and cholesterol reduction: Clinical experience, J Nutr 1995;125:598S-605S.
Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L, et al., Double-blind study of the addition of high-protein soya milk v. cows' milk to the diet of patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or intolerance of statins, Br J Nutr 1999;82:91-96.
Teede JH, Dalais FS, Kotsopoulos D, et al., Soy protein dietary supplementation improves lipid profiles and blood pressure: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women, (abstract p25) Third International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, Oct 31-Nove 3, 1999, Washington, DC, USA.
Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, et al., Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1077-84.
Tikkanen MJ, Wahala K, Ojala S, et al., Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance, Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998;95:3106-3110.
Tsai AC, Mott EL, Owen GM, et al., Effects of soy polysaccharide on gastrointestinal functions, nutrient balance, steroid excretions, glucose tolerance, serum lipids, and other parameters in humans, Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:504-511.
van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, Hautvast JGAJ, et al., Effects of casein versus soy protein diets on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in young healthy volunteers, Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1261-1271.
Wagner JD, Cefalu WT, Anthony MS, et al., Dietary soy protein and estrogen replacement therapy improve cardiovascular risk factors and decrease aortic cholesterol ester content in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys, Metabolism 1997;46:698-705.
Wangen KE, Duncan AM, Xu X, et al., Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:225-231.
Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, et al., Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women, Menopause 1999;6:7-13.
Wei H, Bowen R, Cai Q, et al., Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein, PSEBM 1995;208:124-130.
Wilcox JN, Blumenthal BF, Thrombotic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Potential impact of soy proteins, J Nutr 1995;125:631S-638S.

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Heart Disease

World Health Organisation (WHO), Cardiovascular Diseases, Statistics. http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/
Meeker DR & Kesten HD (1940) Experimental atherosclerosis and high protein diets. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 45, 543-545.
Meeker DR & Kesten HD (1941) Effect of high protein diets on experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. Archives of Pathology 31, 147-162.
Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME, Meta-Analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids, N Eng J Med 1995;333:276-282.
Weggemans RM and Trautwein EA. Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003. 57:940-946.
Zhan S, Ho SC. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005 Feb; 81(2):397-408.
Taku K, Umegaki K et al. Soy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007;85:1148-56.
Sirtori C.R., Eberini I and Arnoldi A. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of soya proteins: results of recent studies are predictable from the Anderson meta-analysis data. British Journal of Nutrition, 2007;00, 1-8.
Cassidy A and Hooper L. Phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease. J Brit Menopause Society, 2006; 12(2): 49-56.
Kokubo Y, Iso H, Ishihara J et al. Association of dietary intake of soy, beans and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese Populations - The Japan Public Health Centre-based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation. 2007 Nov; 116: 2553-2562.
Anderson JW. Soy food effects on serum lipoprotein in humans: updated meta-analysis (abstract). Sixth International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease (November; Chicago, IL) 2005.
Crouse JR III, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al., A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins, Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-2076.
Clerici C, Setchell K, et al. Pasta naturally enriched with isoflavone aglycons from soy germ reduces serum lipids and improves markers of cardiovascular risk. Journal of Nutrition. 2007.
Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, et al., Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women, Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1297-301.
Setchell KDR, Brown NM. et al. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol - A clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones, Critical Review. J Nutr, 2002; 132:3577-3584.
Azadbakht L, Kimiagar M et al. Soy inclusion in the diet improves features of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised crossover study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:735-41.
Gardner CD, Messina M et al. Effect of two types of soymilk and dairy milk on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomised trial. J Am Col Nutr. 2007; 26(6): 669-677.
Matthan NR, Jalbert Sm et al. Effect of soy protein from different processed products on cardiovascular disease risk factors and vascular endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:960-6.
Liang Y.L., Teede H. Et al. The effects of phytoestrogen on blood pressure and lipids in healthy volunteers. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2006. 34(8):726-9.
Sagara M, Kanda T et al. Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland. J Am coll Nutr. 2004, 23(1):85-31.
Yang G., Shu X.O., et al. Longitudinal study of soy food intake and blood pressure among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. Am J Cinl Nutr 2005;81(5):1012-7.
Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Puddey IB, et al., Soybean isoflavonoids and their metabolic products inhibit in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in serum, J Nutr Biochem 1996;7:664-669.
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, Aug 2002; 76: 365 - 372.
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al, Effect of soy-based breakfast cereal on blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Metabolism. 2000 Nov;49(11):1496-500.
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al, The effect on serum lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein of supplementing self-selected low-fat diets with soluble-fiber, soy, and vegetable protein foods. Metabolism. 2000 Jan;49(1):67-72.
Azadbakht L, Kimiagar M. Dietary soya intake alters plasma antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition, 2007 May 17; 1-7 (Epub ahead of print).
Colacurci N., Chiantera A. Et al. Effects of soy isoflavones on endothelial function in healthy post-menopasual women. Menopasue 2005; 12(3):299-307.
Azadbakht L, Kimiagar M. Soy consumption, markers of inflammation, and endothelial function: a cross-over study in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 2007 Apr; 30(4):967-73.
Chan YP., Lau KK. Et al. Isoflavone intake in persons at high risk of cardiovascular events: implications for vascular endothelial function and the carotid atherosclerotic burden. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:938-45.
Food Labelling: health claims: soy protein and coronary heart disease. Food and Drug Administration, HHS: final rule: soy protein and coronary heart disease. Fed Reg. 1999;64:57700-57733.
American Heart Association, Soy Protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular health, an American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006; 113:000-000.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Cardiovascular disease in Australia: A snapshot, 2004-05. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4821.0.55.001#
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the National Heart Foundation. Heart, stroke and vascular diseases - Australian facts 2004. http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/document/NHF/Stats_aihw_hsvd_04_final.pdf
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2005a, Health system expenditure on disease and injury in Australia, 2000-01. 2nd edition, AIHW Cat. No. HWE 26, AIHW, Canberra.
The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand, David R. Hay. Cardiovascular disease in New Zealand, 2004. A summary of recent statistical information. http://www.nhf.org.nz/files/NHF6949%20TechReport82.pdf

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Women's Health

Setchell KDR, Cassidy A, Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health, J Nutr 1999;129:758S-767S.
Knight DC, Lyons Wall P, Eden JA, A review of phytoestrogens and their effects in relation to menopausal symptoms, Aust J Nutr & Dietetics 1996;53:5-11.
Murkies AL, Lombard C, Strauss BJG, et al., Dietary flour supplementation decreases post-menopausal hot flushes: Effect of soy and wheat, Maturitas 1995;21:189-195.
Brzezinski A, Adlercreutz H, Shaoul R, et al., Short-term Effects of Phytoestrogen-rich Diet on Post-menopausal Women, Menopause 1997;4:89-94.
Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, et al., The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flashes, Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:6-11.
Welty FK, Lee KS, Lew NS, Zhou JR. Effect of soy nuts on blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive, prehypertensive, and normotensive postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 28;167(10):1060-7.
Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, et al., Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women, Menopause 1999;6:7-13.
Dalais FS, Rice GE, Wahlqvist ML, et al., Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women, Climacteric 1998;1:124-129.
Van Patten CL, Olivotto IA, Chambers GK, Gelmon KA, Hislop TG, Templeton E, Wattie A, Prior JC. Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 15;20(6):1449-55.
Burke GL, Legault C, Anthony M, Bland DR, Morgan TM, Naughton MJ, Leggett K, Washburn SA, Vitolins MZ. Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Menopause. 2003 Mar-Apr;10(2):147-53.
Nikander E, Kilkkinen A, Mets?-Heikkil? M, Adlercreutz H, Pietinen P, Tiitinen A, Ylikorkala O. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with phytoestrogens in treatment of menopause in breast cancer patients. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1213-20.
National Institute of Health. State-of-the-Science Conference statement: management of menopause-related symptoms. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:1003-13.
North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2004 Jan-Feb;11(1):11-33.
Messina M, Hughes C. Efficacy of soyfoods and soybean isoflavone supplements for alleviating menopausal symptoms is positively related to initial hot flush frequency. J Med Food. 2003 Spring;6(1):1-11.
Heart, Stroke and Vascular Diseases Australian Facts, 1999, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and National Heart Foundation of Australia.
National Heart Foundation of New Zealand, Heart Facts, September 1997.
Cassidy A, Bingham S, Setchell KDR, Biological effects of a isoflavones in young women: importance of the chemical composition of soyabean products, Br J Nutr 1995;74:587-601.
Zhang X, Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Li Q, Gao YT, Zheng W. Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Sep 12;165(16):1890-5.
Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MT, Rebar RW, Setchell KD. Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):384-92.
Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;62(2):155-61. Epub 2007 Mar 28. 21) Potter SM, Baum J, Teng H, et al., Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1375S-9S.
Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Soy isoflavone intake increases bone mineral density in the spine of menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;27(1):57-64. Epub 2007 Dec 11.
Brink E, Coxam V, Robins S, Wahala K, Cassidy A, Branca F; PHYTOS Investigators. Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):761-70.
Wu J, Oka J, Ezaki J, Ohtomo T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Toda T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Menopause. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):866-74.
Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. J Nutr. 2002 Dec;132(12):3577-84.
Stephenson J. FDA orders estrogen safety warnings: agency offers guidance for HRT use. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):537-8.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for primary prevention of chronic conditions: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Nov 19;137(10):834-9.

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Cancer

Setchell KDR and Cassidy A, Dietary isoflavones: Biological effects and relevance to human health, J Nutr 1999;129:758S-767S.
Messina MJ, Persky V, Setchell KDR et al., Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data, Nutr Canc,1994;21:113-31.
Fournier DB, Erdman JW, Gordon GB, Soy, Its Components, and Cancer Prevention: A review of the in vitro, animal, and human data, Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers & Prev 1998;7:1055-65.
Murkies A, Dalais, FS, Briganti EM, et al., Phytoestrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a case control study, Menopause 2000;7:289-96.
Ingram D, Sanders K, Kolybaba M, et al., Case-control study of phytoestrogens and breast cancer, Lancet 1997;350:990-94.
Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS, et al., Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:795-804.
Strom SS, Yamamura Y, Duphorne CM, et al., Phytoestrogen intake and prostate cancer: a case-control study using a new database, Nutr Cancer 1999;33:20-5.
Wakai K, Ohno Y, Genka K, et al., Risk modification in lung cancer by a dietary intake of preserved foods and soyfoods: findings from a case-control study in Okinawa, Japan, Lung Cancer 1999;25:147-59.
Takezaki T, Gao CM, Ding JH, et al., Comparative study of lifestyles of residents in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China; with special reference to allium vegetables, J Epidemiol 1999;9:297-305.
Shinchi K, Ishii H, Imanishi K, et al., Relationship of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese men, Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:651-55.
Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, et al., Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer, Am J Epidemiol 1997;46:294-306.
Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Wolkens LR, et al., Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk, Epidemiology 1997;8:658-65.
Witte JS, Longnecker MP, Bird CL, et al., Relation of vegetable, fruit and grain consumption to colorectal adenomatous polyps, Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:1015-25.
Jacobsen BK, Knutsen SF, Fraser GE, Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study, Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:553-57.
Van Erp-Baart MA, Brants HA, Kiely M, Mulligan A, Turrini A, Sermoneta C, Kilkkinen A, Valsta LM: Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the VENUS approach. Br J Nutr 2003, 89 Suppl 1:S25-30.
Van der Schouw YT, Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L, Rimm EB, Grobbee DE: Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Circulation 2005, 111:465-471.
Boker LK, Van der Schouw YT, De Kleijn MJ, Jacques PF, Grobbee DE, Peeters PH: Intake of dietary phytoestrogens by Dutch women. J Nutr 2002, 132:1319-1328.
Setchell KDR, Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1333S-46S.
Adlercreutz H, Soybean phytoestrogen intake and cancer risk, J Nutr 1995;125(3S)757S-70S.
Kennedy A, The Evidence for Soybean Products as Cancer Preventive Agents, J Nutr 1995;125(3S) 733S-743S.
Cassidy A, Bingham S and Setchell KDR, Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:333-40.
Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Pike MC: Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:9-14.
Lamartiniere CA, Moore J, Holland M et al., Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995;208:120-3.
Lamartiniere CA, Murrill WB, Manzolillo PA, et al., Genistein alters the ontogeny of mammary gland development and protects against chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:358-64.
Shu XO, Jin F, Dai Q, Wen W, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Ruan Z, Gao YT, Zheng W. Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 May;10(5):483-8.
Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC. Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Sep;23(9):1491-6.
Thanos J, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Kreiger N, Thompson LU. Adolescent dietary phytoestrogen intake and breast cancer risk (Canada). Cancer Causes Control. 2006 Dec;17(10):1253-61.
Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, et al., Migration Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women, J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;85:1819-27.
Lamartiniere CA, Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy, Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(6 Suppl):1705S-7S.
Dees C, Foster JS, Ahamed S, et al., Dietary oestrogens stimulate human breast cells to enter the cell cycle, Environ Health Perspect 1997;105:633-6.
Hsieh C, Santell RC, Haslam S et al., Oestrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of oestrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo, Canc Res 1998;58:3833-38.
Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Garsetti M, et al., Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity-A controlled crossover trial, Metabolism 2000;49:537-543.
Pike AC, Brzozowski AM, Hubbard RE, et al., Structure of the ligand-binding domain of oestrogen receptor beta in the presence of a partial agonist and a full antagonist, Embo J 1999;18:4608-18.
Jordan VC and Morrow M, Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, and the prevention of breast cancer, Endocr Rev 1999;20:253-278.
Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al., The effect of Raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation [see comments], JAMA 1999;281:2189-97.
Gotoh T, Yamada K, Yin H, et al., Chemoprevention of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis by soy foods or biochanin A, Jpn J Cancer Res1998;89:137-42.
Mai Z, Blackburn GL, Zhou JR: Soy Phytochemicals Synergistically Enhance the Preventive Effect of Tamoxifen on the Growth of Estrogen-Dependent Human Breast Carcinoma in Mice. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28:1217-1223.
Boyapati, S.M., Shu, X.O., Zhi, X.R., Dai, Q., Cai, Q., Gao, Y.T., Zheng, W. 2005. Soyfood intake and breast cancer survival: A followup of the Shanghai breast cancer study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 92 (1): 11-17
Fink BN, Steck SE, Wolff MS, Britton JA, Kabat GC, Gaudet MM, Abrahamson PE, Bell P, Schroeder JC, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Gammon MD (2007) Dietary flavonoid intake and breast cancer survival among women on Long Island. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11): 2285-2292
Messina MJ, Wood CE.Soy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: Analysis andcommentary.Nutr J. 2008 Jun 3;7(1):17. [Epub ahead of print]
Doyle C, Kushi LH, Byers T, Courneya KS, Demark-Wahnefried W, Grant B, McTiernan A, Rock CL, Thompson C, Gansler T, Andrews KS: Nutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment: an american cancer society guide for informed choices. CA Cancer J Clin 2006, 56:323-353.
The Cancer Council New South Wales, Position Statement, Soy, Phytoestrogens and Cancer Prevention, Sept 2006.
Griffiths, K., Estrogens and Prostatic Disease, International Prostate Health Council Study Group, Prostate, 45: 87-100, 2000
Weber KS, Setchell KDR, Stocco DM, Lephart ED. Dietary soy-phytoestrogens decrease testosterone levels and prostate weight, without altering LH, prostate 5¦Á-reductase or testicular StAR levels in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Endocrinol. 2001;170:591-599
Kurahashi, N., Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Otani T, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group. Soy Product and Isoflavone Consumption in Relation to Prostate Cancer in Japanese Men. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16: 538-545, 2007.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Australia¡¯s Health 2008 Report, Chapter 5,Disease and Injury. 2008.
Cancer Society of New Zealand. New Zealand Cancer Statistics Fact Sheet. June 2003.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Cancer in Australia: an overview. 2006.
New Zealand Health Information Service (NZHIS). Cancer: New registrations and Deaths, 2004.
Australian Institute Health and Welfare, International Health - How Australia Compares, 1998.

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Menopause
Adlercreutz H, Hamalainen E, Gorbach S, et al., Dietary Phyto-oestrogens and the menopause in Japan, Lancet 1992;339:1233.
Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, et al., The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flashes, Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:6-11.
Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bottazzi M, et al., Dietary soy supplementation and phytoestrogen levels, Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:229-231.
Baird DD, Umbach DM, Lansdell L, et al., Dietary intervention study to assess estrogenicity of dietary soy among postmenopausal women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1685-1690.
Brzezinski A, Adlercreutz H, Shaoul R, et al., Short-term Effects of Phytoestrogen-rich Diet on Post-menopausal Women, Menopause 1997;4:89-94. Burke GL, Vitolins MZ, Bland D, Soybean isoflavones as an alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy: are we there yet? J Nutr 2000;130:664S-5S.
Cline JM, Paschold JC, Anthony MS, et al., Effects of hormonal therapies and dietary soy phytoestrogens on vaginal cytology in surgically postmenopausal macaques, Fertil Steril 1996;65:1031-1035.
Dalais FS, Rice GE, Wahlqvist ML, et al., Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women, Climacteric 1998;1:124-129.
Knight DC, Lyons Wall P, Eden JA, A review of phytoestrogens and their effects in relation to menopausal symptoms, Aust J Nutr Diet 1996;53:5-11.
Murkies AL, Lombard C, Strauss BJG, et al., Dietary flour supplementation decreases post-menopausal hot flushes: Effect of soy and wheat, Maturitas 1995;21:189-195.
NAMS Position Statement, Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of the North American Menopause Society, Menopause 2004;11(1):11-33.
Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MTR, et al., Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women, Menopause 2000 (in press).
Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, et al., Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women, Menopause 1999;6:7-13.
Wilcox G, Wahlqvist ML, Burger HG, et al., Oestrogenic effects of plant foods in postmenopausal women, Br Med J 1990;301:905-6.
NAMS Consensus Opinion, The role of isoflavones in menopausal health: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society, Menopause 2000;7:215-229.

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Osteoporosis
Alekel DL, St Germain A, Peterson CT, et al., Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:844-52.
Anderson JJB, Garner SC, The effects of phytoestrogens on bone, Nutr Res 1997;17:1617-1632.
Anderson JJB, Ambrose WW, Garner SC, Biphasic effects of genistein on bone tissue in the ovariectomised, lactating rat model, PSEBM 1998;217:345-350.
Arjmandi BH, Alekel L, Hollis BW, et al., Dietary soybean protein prevents bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis, J Nutr 1996;126:161-167.
Arjmandi BH, Birnbaum R, Goyal NV, et al., Bone sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone-deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1364S-8S.
Blair H, Jordan SE, Peterson TG, et al., Variable effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on avian osteoclastic activity and reduction of bone loss in ovariectomized rats, J Cell Biochem 1996;61:629-637.
Breslau NA, Brinkley L, Hill KD, et al., Relationship of animal protein - rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:140-146.
Cheng SL, Zhang SF, Nelson TL, et al., Stimulation of human osteoblast differentiation and function by Ipriflavone and its metabolites, Calcif Tissue Int 1994;55:356-362.
Dalais FS, Rice GE, Wahlqvist M, et al., Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women, Climacteric 1998;1:124-129.
Lydeking-Olsen E, Beck Jensen JE, Setchell KDR et al, Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss, A 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Eur J Nutr 2004; 43(4):246-57.
Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Albertazzi P, et al., Soy phytoestrogens and bone, In: Proceedings of North American Menopause Society, 1997;p 44 (abs. 97.061).
Potter SM, Baum J, Teng H, et al., Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1375S-9S.
Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MTR, et al., Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women, Menopause 2000 (in press).
Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MTR et al, NAMS Fellowship Findings: Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women, Menopause 2001;8:384-392.
Setchell KDR, Lydeking-Olsen E, Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies, Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(suppl):593S-609S.
Somekawa Y, Chiguchi M, Ishibashi T et al, Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women, Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:109-115.

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Infants
Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Phytoestrogens - an assessment of the potential risks to infants associated with exposure to soy-based infant formula, March 1999.
Adlercreutz H, Yamada T, Wahala K, et al., Maternal and neonatal phytoestrogens in Japanese women at birth, Steroids 1997;62:733.
Adlercreutz H, Yamada T, Wähälä K, et al., Maternal and neonatal phytoestrogens in Japanese women during birth, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:737-43.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding, Pediatrics 1998;101:148-153.
Businco L, Bruno G, Giampietro PG, Soy protein for the prevention and treatment of children with cow-milk allergy, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1447S-52S.
Businco L, Bruno G, Grandolfo ME, et al., Response to poliovirus immunization and type of feeding in babies of atopic families, Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1990;1:60-63.
Churella, HR, Borschel MW, Thomas MR, et al., Growth and protein status of term infants fed soy protein formulas differing in protein content, J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13: 262-267.
Cruz MLA, Wong WW, Mimouni G, et al., Effects of infant nutrition on cholesterol synthesis rates, Pediatr Res 1994;35:135-140.
Dalais FS, Meliala A, Wahlqvist ML, Maternal and cord blood phytoestrogen levels in Indonesian women, (abstract B-10) Third International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, Oct 31-Nov 3, 1999, Washington, DC, USA.
Fritz WA, Coward L, Wang J, et al., Dietary genistein: perinatal mammary cancer prevention, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat, Carcinogenesis 1998;19:2151-2158.
Karyadi D, Lukito W, Beneficial effects of tempeh in disease prevention and treatment, Nutr Rev 1996;(II)S94-S98.
Klein KO, Isoflavones, soy-based infant formulas, and relevance to endocrine function, Nutr Rev 1998;56:193-204.
Knight DC, Eden JA, Huang JL, et al., Isoflavone content of infant foods and formulas, J Paediatr Child Health 1998;34:135-138.
Lasekan JB, Ostrom KM, Jacobs JR, et al., Growth of newborn, term infants fed soy formulas for 1 year, Clin Pediatr 1999;38:563-571.
Murphy PA, Song T, Buseman G, et al., Isoflavones in soy-based infant formulas, J Agric Food Chem 1997;45:4635-4638.
Quak SH, Tan SP, Use of soy-protein formulas and soyfood for feeding infants and children in Asia, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1444S-14446S.
Setchell KDR, Welsh MB, Lim CK, High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phytoestrogens in soy protein preparations with ultraviolet, electrochemical, and thermospray mass spectrometric detection, J Chromatogr 1987;386:315-323.
Setchell KDR, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Cai J, et al., Exposure of infants to phytoestrogens from soy-based infant formulas, Lancet 1997;350:23-27.
Setchell KDR, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Cai J, et al., Isoflavone content of infant formulas and the metabolic fate of these phytoestrogens in early life, Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:1453S-1461S.
Strom BL, Schinnar R, Zieglar EE et al, Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood, JAMA 2001;286:807-14.
Zeiger RS, Sampson HA, Bock SA, et al., Soy allergy in infants and children with IgE-associated cow's milk allergy, J Pediatr 1999;134:614-22.

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Sports Nutrition
Dragan I, Stroescu V, Stoian I, et al., Studies regarding the efficiency of SUPRO(r)SOY isolated soy protein in olympic athletes, Rev Roum Physio 1992;29:63-70.
Husaini MA, Moeloek D, Utamin SS, et al., Supplementation of "SUPRO(r)SOY" beverage powder on body size, iron status and physical performance of growing badminton athletes, Final Report, Nutrition Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia, June 1998.
Pratt DE, Birac PM, Source of antioxidant activity of soybeans and soy products, J Food Sci 1979;44:1720-1722.
Rossi A, DiSilvestro RA, Blostein-Fujii A, Effects of soy consumption on exercise-induced acute muscle damage and oxidative stress in young adult males, FASEB Journal 1998;A653.
Stroescu V, Dragan I, Georgescu E, Effects of SUPRO(r)SOY brand isolated soy protein supplement in male and female elite rowers, XXVth FIMS World Congress of Sports Medicine, Athens, Greece, 1994.
Wayler A, Queiroz E, Scrimshaw NS, et al., Nitrogen balance studies in young men to assess the protein quality of an isolated soy protein in relation to meat proteins, J Nutr 1983;113:2485-2491.

Equol
Lund TD, Munson DJ, Haldy ME et al, Equol is a novel anti-androgen that inhibits prostate growth and hormone feedback, Biol Reprod 2004;70(4):1188-95.
Setchel KDR, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E, The clinical importance of the metabolite Equol - A clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones, J Nutr 2002;132:3577-3584.

Weight control
Anderson JW, Luan J, Hoie LH, Structured weight loss programs: Meta-analysis of weight loss at 24 weeks and assessment of effects of intervention intensity, Adv Ther 2004;21(2):61-74.

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